Well-being, wellness, and health are related concepts, but they each have distinct meanings and implications for an individual's overall state of being. Understanding the differences between these relations can help individuals make informed choices about their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Health: Health is a multifaceted concept that primarily refers to an individual's physical condition. It encompasses the absence of diseases and the proper functioning of bodily systems. Health can be categorized into different dimensions, including: Physical Health: This dimension focuses on the well-functioning of the body's organs and systems. It involves aspects such as nutrition, exercise, regular medical check-ups, and the absence of acute or chronic diseases. Mental Health: Mental health refers to an individual's psychological well-being. It encompasses emotional stability, the ability to manage stress, and the absence of mental disorders. It's cruc...
Cardiovascular
disease
Under cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases, heart
and blood vessel conditions are summarized. Although cardiovascular diseases
occur frequently and are responsible for many deaths in Germany, these can
usually be treated well if diagnosed in good time.
Occurrence
With 17.8 million deaths, cardiovascular diseases were the
most common cause of death worldwide in 2017. Thus, on a global average, 32% of
all deaths can be attributed to cardiovascular diseases. In Europe and Germany,
too, cardiovascular diseases lead the death statistics. In Europe, more than
four million people die of cardiovascular disease every year; 1.4 million of
them are younger than 75 years.
In Germany, around 339,000 people died of cardiovascular diseases in 2016; this corresponds to 37% of the total mortality. Especially in eastern federal states (especially in Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg, and Thuringia) and in Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia, the cardiovascular, age-standardized death rates are above average.
Risk
factors
The causes of cardiovascular diseases are varied and can be
divided into influenceable and non-influenceable risk factors. The risk factors
that cannot be influenced include age, gender, and genetic predisposition. The
influenceable risk factors include (in descending relevance according to GBD ):
high blood pressure, diet, dyslipidemia (often hypercholesterolemia), diabetes,
obesity,
smoking, air pollution, sedentary lifestyle, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Also, other modifiable risk factors are known: undiagnosed celiac disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, psychosocial factors [8], poverty, and low level of education
Influence risk factors in Germany (in descending relevance
according to GBD
Hypertension
The leading cause of cardiovascular diseases is untreated
arterial high blood pressure ( hypertension ). According to the WHO definition,
a systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of
more than 90 mmHg is considered hypertension. Low blood pressure by ten mmHg
reduces disease risk by approx—20%.
Diet
Although controlled, randomized intervention studies on
nutritional-specific issues were rarely carried out due to the high level of
effort in the past, current intervention studies show that diet plays a central
role in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Of a total of 4.3 million
cardiovascular-related deaths in Europe in 2016 ( WHOEuropean region), 2.1
million go back to an unbalanced diet. The EU accounts for around 900,000
cardiovascular deaths. Men are more often affected by diet-related
cardiovascular diseases and tend to be involved at a younger age, whereas women
are only affected from age 50. Around 601,000 people under the age of 70 died
in Europe in 2016 due to diet-related cardiovascular disease, 420,000 men, and
181,000 women. While about 10,000 and 15,000 people in Switzerland and Austria
died of diet-related cardiovascular disorders in 2016, around 165,000 premature
deaths in Germany can be attributed to an unbalanced diet.
At the level of individual nutrients and food groups, it was
found that an excessive intake of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, salt,
and an insufficient intake of whole-grain products, fruit, vegetables, and fish
are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Individual studies and
systematic reviews show that replacing saturated fatty acids with complex
carbohydrates, polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids reduces
cardiovascular risk factors and lowers cardiovascular mortality. In addition, a
high intake of trans fatty acids has adverse effects on blood lipids and
circulating inflammation markers. Therefore the elimination of trans fatty acids
from the diet is recommended. In 2018, the WHO estimated that more than half a
million deaths per year were caused by excessive trans fatty acid intake.
Studies also show that high sugar consumption and an
increased risk of diabetes also promote high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. Besides,
excessive consumption of foods high in salt and saturated fat is linked to an
increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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